PTS Pali to English Dictionary

A

A-1
  1. The preposition ā shortened before double consonants, as akkosati (ā + kruś), akkhāti (ā + khyā), abbahati (ā + bṛh). Best to be classed here is the a- we call expletive. It represents a reduction of ā- (mostly before liquids and nasals and with single consonant instead of double). Thus
    • anantaka (for ā-nantaka = nantaka Vv 807
    • amajjapa (for ā-majjapa = majjapa Ja vi.328
    • amāpaya (for āmāpaya = māpaya Ja vi.518
    • apassato (= passantassa) Ja vi.552
A-2
an- before vowels
  1. negative participle prefixed to (1) nouns and adjectives; (2) verbal forms, used like (1) whether participle, absolutive, gerundive or infinitive; (3) finite verbal forms. In compound with words having originally two initial consonants the latter reappear in their assimilated form (e.g. appaṭicchavin). In meaning it equals na-, nir- and vi-. Often we find it opposed to sa-. Verbal negatives which occur in specific verbal function will be enumerated separately, while examples of negative formation of (1) & (2) are given under their positive form unless the negative involves a distinctly new concept, or if its form is likely to lead to confusion or misunderstanding ‣Concerning the combining & contrasting (originally negative) -a-(ā) in reduplicated formations like bhavā-bhava see ā4
Vedic a-, an, Indogermanic *n gradation form to *ne ‣See na2. Latin *en-, in-, Gothic, Old High German & Anglo-Saxon un-, Old Irish an-, in-
A-3
  1. the augment (sign of action in the past), prefixed to the root in preterite, aorist & conditional tenses; often omitted in ordinary prose ‣See forms under each verb. ‣Cp. also ajja. Identical with this a- is the a- which functions as base of some pronomial forms like ato, attha, asu etc.‣
Vedic a-; Indogermanic *e locative of pronoun stem ‣Cp. ayaṁ, originally a deictic adverb with specific reference to the past, cp. Sanskrit sma. Also in Latin equidem, enim
A-4
  1. the sound a a-kāra Ja vi.328 Ja vi.552 Vv-a 279 Vv-a 307 Vv-a 311
Aṁsa1
  1. the shoulder AN v.110 Snp 609
    • aṁse karoti to put on the shoulder, to shoulder Ja i.9
  2. a part (literally side) ‣Cp. ˚āsa in koṭṭhāsa and explanation of aṁsa as koṭṭhāsa at DN-a i.312
    • atīt’aṁse in former times, formerly DN ii.224 Thag 2, 314
    • mettaṁsa sharing friendship (with) AN iv.151 = Iti 22 = Ja iv.71 In which connection Mil 402 reads ahiṁsā. Note variant reading mettāsa for mettaṁsa at Iti 22
    • disjunctive ekena aṁsena … ekena aṁsena on the one hand (side) … on the other, partly … partly AN i.61 From this:
      • ekaṁsa adjective on the one hand (only) i.e. incomplete. Opposite ubhayaṁsa or (as not admitting of a counterpart) definite, certain, without doubt. Opposite dvidhā ‣See ekaṁsa
    • paccaṁsena according to each one’s share AN iii.38
    • puṭaṁsena with a knapsack for provisions DN i.117 AN ii.183 ‣Cp. DN-a i.288 with variant reading puṭosena at both passages
  • ˚kūṭa “shoulder prominence”, the shoulder Vin iii.127 Dhp-a iii.214 Dhp-a iv.136 Vv-a 121
  • ˚vaṭṭaka a shoulder strap. Mostly combined with kāyabandhana. variant readings ˚vaddhaka, ˚bandhaka Vin i.204 Text ˚bandhaka Vin ii.114 -ddh- Vin iv.170 -ddh- Vv 3340 Text ˚bandhana Commentary variant reading ˚vaṭṭaka Dhp-a iii.452
Vedic aṁsa; cp. Latin umerus, Goth ams, Armenian us
Aṁsa2
  1. point, corner, edge. Frequently in combination with numerals ‣ e.g. catur˚ “four-cornered”, chaḷ˚, aṭṭh˚, soḷas˚ etc. All at Dhs 617 ‣Cp. Dhs-a 317
    • In connection with a Vimāna, āyat˚ with wide or protruding capitals (of its pillars) Vv 8415
    • As part of a carriage-pole Vv 642 = kubbara-phale patiṭṭhitā heṭṭhima-aṁsā Vv-a 265
‣See next
Aṁsi
feminine
  1. a corner, edge = aṁsa2 Vv 782 = aṁsa-bhāga Vv-a 303
cp. Vedic aśri, aśra, aśani; Latin ācer sharp. Further connections in Walde Lateinisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch under ācer
Aṁsu
  1. a thread Vin iii.224
    • ˚mālin, sun Sāsv 1
cp. Sanskrit aṁśu (Halāyudha) a ray of light
Akaṭa
adjective
  1. not made, not artificial, natural
    • ˚yūsa natural juice Vin i.206
a + kaṭa
Akampiyatta
neuter
  1. the condition of not being shaken, stableness Mil 354
abstract from akampiya, gerundive of a + kampati
Akalu
  1. cp. agalu an ointment
    • Ja iv.440 akaluñ candanañca (Burmese variant aggaluṁ)
    • Commentary explains as kālākaluñ ca rattacandanañ ca, thus implying a blacking or dark ointment
    • Ja vi.144 ˚candana-vilitta (Burmese variant aggalu˚)
    • Mil 338 ˚tagara-tālīsaka-lohita-candana
Akāca
adjective
  1. pure, flawless, clear DN ii.244 Snp 476 Ja v.203
a + kāca
Akācin
adjective
  1. = akāca Vv 601
Akāsiya
adjective-noun
  1. “not from the Kāsī-country” (?) Official name of certain tax-gatherers in the king’s service Ja vi.212 Commentary akāsiya-saṅkhātā rāja-purisā
a + kāsika?
Akiccakāra
adjective
  1. not doing one’s duty, doing what ought not to be done AN ii.67 Dhp 292 Mil 66 DN-a i.296
  2. ineffective (of medicine) Mil 151
a + kicca + kāra
Akiriya
adjective
  1. not practical, unwise, foolish Ja iii.530 Commentary ˚rūpa = akattabba-rūpa Mil 250
a + kiriya
Akilāsu
adjective
  1. not lazy; diligent, active, untiring SN i.47 SN v.162 Ja i.109 Mil 382
a + kilāsu
Akissava
  1. at SN i.149 is probably faulty reading for akiñcana
Akutobhaya
adjective
  1. ‣See ku˚
Akuppa
adjective
  1. not to be shaken, immovable; sure, steadfast safe Vin i.11
    • akuppā me ceto-vimutti = SN ii.239 Vin ii.69 Vin iv.214 DN iii.273 MN i.205 MN i.298 SN ii.171 AN iii.119 AN iii.198 Mil 361
a + kuppa, gerundive of kup, cp. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit akopya Mvu iii.200
Akuppatā
feminine
  1. “state of not being shaken”, surety, safety. Epithet of Nibbāna Thag 1, 364
abstract from last
Akka
  1. name of a plant: Calotropis Gigantea, swallow-wort MN i.429
  • ˚assa jiyā bowstrings made from that plant
  • ˚nāla a kind of dress material Vin i.306 variant readings agga & akkha˚
  • ˚vāṭa a kind of gate to a plantation, a movable fence made of the akka plant Vin ii.154 ‣Cp. akkha-vāṭa
cp. Sanskrit arka
Akkanta
  1. stepped upon, mounted on AN i.8 Ja i.71 Mil 152 Dhp-a i.200
past participle of akkamati
Akkandati
  1. to lament, wail, cry SN iv.206
ā + kandati, krand
Akkamana
neuter
  1. going near, approaching, stepping upon, walking to Ja i.62
cp. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit ākramaṇa Jtm 3158
Akkamati
  1. to tread upon, to approach, attack Ja i.7 Ja i.279 Thag-a 9
    • to rise Vin iii.38
    • absolutive akkamma ‣Cp. Vin iii.72
    • past participle akkanta ‣
ā + kamati, kram
Akkuṭṭha
adjective noun
  1. adjective being reviled, scolded, railed at Snp 366 (= dasahi akkosavatthūhi abhisatto Snp-a 364) Ja vi.187
  2. neuter reviling, scolding, swearing at.
    • In combination akkuṭṭha-vandita Snp 702 (= akkosa-vandana Snp-a 492) Thag 2, 388 Explanation at Thag-a 256 as above
past participle of akkosati
Akkula
adjective
  1. confused, perplexed, agitated, frightened
    • Ud 5 akkulopakkula and akkulapakkulika
    • ‣See ākula
= ākula
Akkosa
  1. shouting at, abuse, insult, reproach, reviling Snp 623 Mil 8 + paribhāsa Snp-a 492 Thag-a 256 Pv-a 243 Dhp-a ii.61
  • ˚vatthu always as dasa a˚-vatthūni, 10 bases of abuse, 10 expressions of cursing Ja i.191 Snp-a 364 Snp-a 467 Dhp-a i.212 Dhp-a iv.2
ā + kruś = kruñc ‣See kuñca & koñca2 to sound, root kṛ ‣See note on gala
Akkosaka
adjective
  1. one who abuses, scolds or reviles + paribhāsaka AN ii.58 AN iii.252 AN iv.156 AN v.317 Pv-a 251
from previous
Akkosati
  1. to scold, swear at, abuse, revile Ja i.191 Ja ii.416 Ja iii.27 Dhp-a i.211 Dhp-a ii.44
    • Often combined with paribhāsati, e.g. Vin ii.296 Dhp-a iv.2 Pv-a 10
    • aorist akkocchi Dhp 3 Ja iii.212 = akkosi Dhp-a i.43
    • past participle akkuṭṭha ‣
to krus ‣See akkosa
Akkha1
  1. the axle of a wheel DN ii.96 SN v.6 AN i.112 Ja i.109 Ja i.192
    • Ja v.155 akkhassa phalakaṁ yathā Commentary suvaṇṇaphalakaṁ viya i.e. shiny, like the polished surface of an axle
    • Mil 27 + īsā + cakka
    • Mil 277 atibhārena sakaṭassa akkho bhijjati the axle of the cart breaks when the load is too heavy Pv-a 277
    • akkhaṁ abbhañjati to lubricate the axle SN iv.177 Mil 367
  • ˚chinna one whose axle is broken; with broken axle SN i.57 Mil 67
  • ˚bhagga with a broken axle Ja v.433
  • ˚bhañjana the breaking of the axle Dhp-a i.375 Pv-a 277
Vedic akṣa, Avestan aša, Latin axis, Old High German etc. ahsa, English axle, to root of Latin ago, Sanskrit aj
Akkha2
  1. a die DN i.6 but explained at DN-a i.86 as ball-game, guḷakīḷa
    • SN i.149 = AN v.171 = Snp 659 appamatto ayaṁ kali yo akkhesu dhanaparājayo
    • Ja i.379 kūṭ˚ a false player, sharper, cheat
    • anakkha one who is not a gambler Ja v.116 Commentary ajūtakara
    • ‣Cp. also accha3
  • ˚dassa (cp. Sanskrit akṣadarśaka) one who looks at (i.e. examines) the dice, an umpire, a judge Vin iii.47 Mil 114 Mil 327 Mil 343 dhamma-nagare
  • ˚dhutta one who has the vice of gambling DN ii.348 DN iii.183 MN iii.170 Snp 106 + itthidhutta & surādhutta
  • ˚vāṭa fence round an arena for wrestling Ja iv.81 ? read akka-
Vedic akṣa, probably to akṣi & Latin oculus, “that which has eyes” i.e. a die. Cp. also Latin ālea game at dice (from* asclea?)
Akkha3
adjective (—˚)
  1. having eyes, with eyes Pv-a 39 Burmese manuscripts rattakkha with eyes red from weeping, gloss on assumukha. Probably akkhaṇa is connected with akkha
to akkhi
Akkhaka
  1. the collar-bone
    • adhakkhakaṁ Vin v.216 Vin iv.213
akkha1 + ka
Akkhaṇa
  1. wrong time, bad luck, misadventure, misfortune
    • There are 9 enumerated at DN iii.263
    • The usual set consists of 8 DN iii.287 Vv-a 193 Sdhp 4f.
    • ‣See also khaṇa
  • ˚vedhin adjective-noun a skilled archer, one who shoots on the moment, i.e. without losing time, explained as one who shoots without missing (the target) or as quickly as lightning (akkhaṇa = vijju) In various combinations
    • mostly as durepātin a˚ AN i.284 + mahato kāyassa padāletā
    • AN ii.170f. identical AN ii.202
    • AN iv.423 AN iv.425
    • Ja ii.91 Explained as either avirādhita-vedhī or akkhaṇaṁ vuccati vijju, one who takes and shoots his arrows as fast as lightning Ja iii.322
    • Ja iv.494 Commentary p. 497 explains aviraddha-vedhin vijju-ālokena vijjhana-samattha
    • In other combinations at Ja i.58 akkhaṇavedhin + vālavedhin
    • Ja v.129 the 4 kinds of archers: a˚, vālavedhin, saddavedhin, saravedhin
  • In Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit we find akṣuṇṇavedha at Divy 58 Divy 100 Divy 442 always with dūrevedha, where manuscripts however read akṣuṇa˚. Also at Lal 178 It is a Sanskritised Pāli form, cp. Mathurā kṣuṇa = Sanskrit kṣaṇa. See Divy Index, where translation is given as “an act of throwing the spear so as to graze the mark”. Schiefner gives “Streifschuss”.
a + khaṇa, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit akṣaṇa Avs i.291 = Avs i.332
Akkhata
adjective
  1. unhurt, without fault Mhvs 19, 56 Commentary niddosa
    • accusative akkhataṁ
    • adverb in safety, unhurt. Only in one phrase Vv 8452 paccāgamuṁ Pāṭaliputtaṁ akkhataṁ & Pv iv.111 nessāmi taṁ Pāṭaliputtaṁ akkhataṁ ‣See Vv-a 351 Pv-a 272
past participle of a + kṣan, cp. parikkhata1
Akkhaya
adjective
  1. not decaying, in akkhayapaṭibhāna, of unfailing skill in exposition Mil 3 Mil 21
a + khaya, kṣi
Akkhara
adjective
  1. constant, durable, lasting DN iii.86 As technical term for one of 4 branches of Vedic learning DN i.88 it is Phonetics which probably included Grammar, and is explained by sikkhā DN-a i.247 = Snp-a 477
    • plural neuter akkharāni sounds, tones, words
    • citt’akkhara of a discourse suttanta having variety & beauty of words or sounds (opposed to beauty of thought) AN i.72 = AN iii.107 = SN ii.267
    • Akkharāni are the sauce, flavour vyañjana of poetry SN i.38
    • To know the context of the a˚ (the words of the texts) is characteristic of an Arahant Dhp 352 Commentary is ambiguous Dhp-a iv.70
    • Later: akkharaṁ a syllable or sound Pv-a 280 called sadda in next line
    • akkharāni an inscription Ja ii.90 Ja iv.7 = likhitāni written Ja iv.489 Ja vi.390 Ja vi.407
    • In Grammar: a letter Kaccāyana 1
  • ˚cintaka a grammarian or versifier Kp-a 17 Snp-a 16 Snp-a 23 Snp-a 321 cp. Snp-a 466 Pv-a 120
  • ˚pabheda in phrase sakkharappabheda phonology & etymology DN i.88 (akkharappabhedo ti sikkhā ca nirutti ca Snp-a 447 = DN-a i.247) = AN iii.223 = Snp p. 105
  • ˚piṇḍa “word-ball”, i.e. sequence of words or sounds Dhp-a iv.70 = akkharānaṁ sannipāto Dhp 352
Vedic akṣara
Akkharikā
feminine
  1. a game. Recognising syllables written in the air or on one’s back DN i.7 Vin ii.10 Vin iii.180 So explained at DN-a i.86 It may be translated “letter game”, but all Indian letters of that date were syllables
Akkhāta
adjective
  1. announced, proclaimed, told, shown AN i.34
    • dur˚ AN ii.195 AN iv.285 AN iv.322 AN v.265 AN v.283 Snp 172 Snp 276 Snp 595 Snp 718
past participle of akkhāti
Akkhātar
  1. one who relates, a speaker, preacher, story-teller SN i.11 SN i.191 SN iii.66 Snp 167
Akkhāti
  1. to declare, announce, tell Snp 87 Snp 172
    • imperative akkhāhi Snp 988 Snp 1085
    • aorist akkhāsi Snp 251 Snp 504 Snp 1131 = ācikkhi etc. Nd2 465
    • future akkhissati Pv iv.163
    • conditional akkhissaṁ Snp 997 Ja vi.523
    • passive akkhāyati to be proclaimed, in phrase aggaṁ a˚ to be deemed chief or superior, to be first, to excel Mil 118 Mil 182 Also in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit agram ākhyāyate Mvu iii.390
    • absolutive akkheyya to be pronounced SN i.11 Iti 53
    • past participle akkhāta ‣
    • intensive or frequentative is ācikkhati
ā + khyā, hypothesized Indogermanic *seq; cp. Sanskrit ākhyāti, Latin inquam, Gothic saihvan, German sehen etc ‣See also akkhi & cakkhu
Akkhāna
neuter
  1. telling stories, recitation; tale, legend DN i.6 (= DN-a i.84 Bhārata-Rāmāyanādi) DN iii.183 MN i.503 MN iii.167 Sdhp 237
    • preaching, teaching Nd1 91
    • dhamm˚ the 5th Veda Ja v.450 vedam akkhānapañcamaṁ Commentary itihāsapañcamaṁ vedacatukkaṁ
Sanskrit ākhyāna. This spelling also occurs in Pali ‣
Akkhāyika
adjective
  1. relating, narrating Ja iii.535
    • lokakkhāyikā kathā talk about nature-lore DN i.8 Mil 316
Akkhāyin
adjective
  1. telling, relating, announcing SN ii.35 SN iii.7 Ja iii.105
Akkhi
neuter
  1. the eye
    • MN i.383 ubbhatehi akkhīhi
    • Snp 197 Snp 608 Ja i.223 Ja i.279 Ja v.77 Ja vi.336
    • Pv ii.926 akkhīni paggharanti, shed tears, cp. Pv-a 123
    • Vv-a 65 ˚īni bhamanti, my eyes swim, cp. akkhīni me dhūmāyanti Dhp-a i.475 Dhp-a ii.26
    • Dhp-a iii.196 ˚īni ummīletvā, opening the eyes
    • Sdhp 103 Sdhp 380
    • In combination with sa- as sacchi & sakkhi ‣
    • As adjective (—˚) = akkha3 (q.v.)
  • ˚añjana eye ointment, collyrium Dhp-a iii.354
  • ˚kūpa the socket of the eye Ja iv.407
  • ˚gaṇḍa eye-protuberance, i.e. eye-brow (?) Ja vi.504 for Text pamukha
  • ˚gūtha secretion from the eye Pv-a 198
  • ˚gūthaka identical Snp 197 dvīhi akkhicchiddehi apanīta-ttaca-maṁsasadiso a˚-gūthako Snp-a 248
  • ˚chidda the eye-hole Snp-a 248
  • ˚dala the eye-lid DN-a i.194 Thag-a 259 Dhs-a 378
  • ˚pāta “fall of the eye” i.e. a look, in mand˚ of soft looks adjective Pv-a 57
  • ˚pūra an eye-full, in akkhipūraṁ assuṁ (assu?) an eye full of tears Ja vi.191
  • ˚mala dirt from the eye Pv iii.53 Commentary ˚gūtha
  • ˚roga eye disease Dhp-a i.9
to *oks, an enlarged form of hypothesized Indogermanic *oq, cp. Sanskrit īkṣate, kṣaṇa, pratīka, anīka, Latin oculus, Anglo-Saxon ēowan = English eye & wind-ow, Gothic augō ‣See also cakkhu & cp. akkha2, ikkhaṇika
Akkhika1
adjective
  1. having eyes, with eyes Thag 1, 960
    • añjan˚ with eyes anointed Dhp-a iv.98
    • aḍḍh˚ with half an eye, i.e. stealthily Sdhp 286
    • tamb˚ red-eyed
    • an˚ having no eyes Dhp-a i.11
Akkhika2
neuter
  1. the mesh of a net Ja i.208
    • ˚hāraka one who takes up a mesh (?) MN i.383 Corresponding with aṇḍahāraka
cp. Sanskrit akṣa
Akkhitta1
  1. ‣See khitta
Akkhitta2
adjective
  1. hit, struck, thrown Ja iii.255 = ākaḍḍhita Commentary
Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit ākṣipta Divy 363 past participle of ā + kṣip
Akkhin
adjective
  1. = akkhika Ja iii.190
    • mand˚ soft-eyed Vv 323
    • tamb˚ red-eyed Dhp-a i.11
Akkhobbha
adjective
  1. not to be shaken, imperturbable Mil 21
a + kṣubh ‣See khobha
Akkhobhana
adjective
  1. = akkhobbha Ja v.322 = khobhetun na sakkhā Commentary
Akkhohiṇī
feminine
  1. one of the highest numerals. 1 followed by 42 ciphers, Childers Ja v.319 Ja vi.395
= akkhobhiṇī
Akhaṇḍaphulla
  1. ‣See khaṇḍa
Akhāta
adjective
  1. not dug ‣See khāta
Akhetta
  1. barren-soil ‣See khetta
    • In compound ˚ññu the negative belongs to the whole: “not knowing a good field (for alms)” Ja iv.371
Agati
  1. ‣See gati
    • ˚gamana practising a wrong course of life, evil practice, wrong doing
    • DN iii.228 4: chanda˚ dosa˚ moha˚ bhaya˚
    • AN ii.18f. Ja iv.402 Ja v.98 Ja v.510 Pv-a 161
Agada
  1. medicine, drug, counterpoison
    • Ja i.80 ˚harīṭaka
    • Mil 121 Mil 302 Mil 319 Mil 334 DN-a i.67 Dhp-a i.215
    • Pv-a 198 = osadhaṁ
Vedic agada, a + gada
Agaru
adjective
  1. not heavy, not troublesome, only in phrase: sace te agaru “if it does not inconvenience you, if you don’t mind” Vin i.25 Vin iv.17 DN i.51 Dhp-a i.39
    • Cp. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit yadi te aguru Avs i.94 Avs i.229 Avs ii.90
  2. disrespectful, irreverent against genitive DN i.89 Snp p. 51
cp. Sanskrit aguru, a + garu
Agalu
  1. fragrant aloe wood, Agallochum
  • Vv 537 aggalu = Vv-a 237 agalugandha
  • Vv-a 158 + candana
  • cp. also Avs i.24 and ‣akalu
cp. Sanskrit aguru, which is believed to appear in Hebrew ahālīm (aloe)
Agāra
neuter

  1. House or hut, usually implying the comforts of living at home as opposed to anagāra homelessness or the state of a homeless wanderer (mendicant) ‣See anagāriyā

    Thus frequently in two phrases contrasting the state of a householder or layman (‣cp. gihin) with that of a religious wanderer pabbajita viz

    1. kesamassuṁ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajati “to shave off hair & beard, put on the yellow robes, and wander forth out of the home into the homeless state” DN i.60 etc. ‣Cp. Nd2 172 ‣See also
      • SN i.185 agārasmā anagāriyaṁ nikkhanta
      • MN ii.55 agāraṁ ajjhāvasatā
      • Snp 274 Snp 805 ˚ṁ āvasati
      • and with pabbajita DN i.89 DN i.115 DN i.202 DN i.230 Pv ii.1317
    2. of a rājā cakkavattin compared with a sambuddha: sace agāraṁ āvasati vijeyya paṭhaviṁ imaṁ adaṇḍena asatthena … sace ca so pabbajati agārā anagāriyaṁ vivaṭacchado sambuddho arahā bhavissati “he will become the greatest king when he stays at home, but the greatest saint when he takes up the homeless life”, the prophesy made for the infant Gotama DN ii.16 Snp 1002 Snp 1003
    • Further passages for agāra e.g. Vin i.15
    • DN i.102 Burmese variant agyāgāra, but DN-a i.270 explained as dānāgāra
    • AN i.156 AN i.281 AN ii.52f. Dhp 14 Dhp 140 Ja i.51 Ja i.56 Ja iii.392 Dīpavaṁsa i.36
  2. anagāra
    • adjective houseless, homeless; a mendicant. Opposite gahaṭṭha Snp 628 = Dhp 404 Snp 639 Snp 640 + paribbaje Pv ii.25 = anāvāsa Pv-a 80
    • neuter the homeless state = anagāriyā Snp 376 ‣See also agga2
  3. ˚āgāra. Owing to frequent occurrence of agāra at the end of compounds, of which the first word ends in a, we have a dozen quite familiar words ending apparently in āgāra. Of the compounds, the most common are
    • āgantuk˚ reception hall for strangers or guests SN iv.219 SN v.21
    • itth˚ lady’s bower SN i.58 SN i.89
    • kūṭ˚ a house with a peaked roof, or with gables SN ii.103 SN ii.263 SN iii.156 SN iv.186 SN v.43 AN i.230 AN iii.10 AN iii.364 AN iv.231 AN v.21
    • koṭṭh˚ storehouse granary DN i.134 cp. DN-a i.295 SN i.89
    • tiṇ˚ a house covered with grass SN iv.185 AN i.101
    • bhus˚ threshing shed, barn AN i.241
    • santh˚ a council hall DN i.91 DN ii.147 SN iv.182 SN v.453 AN ii.207 AN iv.179f.
    • suññ˚ an uninhabited shed; solitude SN v.89 SN v.157 SN v.310f. SN v.329f. AN i.241 variant reading for bhusâgāra AN iii.353 AN iv.139 AN iv.392 AN iv.437 AN v.88 AN v.109 AN v.323f.
Cp. Sanskrit agāra, probably with the a- of communion. ‣Cp. in meaning & etymology gaha1
Agāraka
neuter
  1. a small house, a cottage MN i.450 Ja vi.81
from agāra
Agārika
adjective
  1. having a house, in eka˚, dva˚, etc. DN i.166 = AN i.295 = AN ii.206
  2. a householder, layman Vin i.17
    • feminine agārikā a housewife Vin i.272
    • ‣See also āgārika
Agārin
adjective
  1. one who has or inhabits a house, a householder Snp 376 Thag 1, 1009 Ja iii.234
    • feminine agārinī a housewife Vv 527 (= gehassāmimī Vv-a 225) Pv iii.43 identical Pv-a 194
from agāra
Agāriya
Agārika
  1. a layman MN i.504 ˚bhūta
    • Usually in negative anagāriyā feminine the homeless state = anagāraṁ as opposed to agāra (q.v.) in formula agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajita “gone out from the house into the homeless state” Vin i.15 MN i.16 MN ii.55 MN ii.75 AN i.49 DN iii.30f. DN iii.145f. Snp 274 Snp 1003 Pv ii.1316 DN-a i.112
Agga1
adjective noun
  1. adjective
    1. of time: the first, foremost Dīpavaṁsa iv.13 saṅgahaṁ first collection ‣See compounds
    2. of space: the highest, topmost Ja i.52 ˚sākhā
    3. of quality: illustrious, excellent, the best, highest, chief Vin iv.232
      • agga-m-agga most excellent DN ii.4
      • a˚ sattassa Sambuddha the Buddha is the highest of all sentient beings SN i.29
      • lokassa Buddho aggo pavuccati “it is said that the Buddha is the best in the world” AN ii.17 = Pv iv.347
      • ˚pasāda highest confidence Iti 88 Iti 89
      • suddhi highest purity Snp 875
      • Often combined with seṭṭha, best e.g. DN ii.15 SN iii.83 SN iii.264
  2. neuter top, point
    1. literally: the top or tip. Nearly always —˚
      • ār˚ point of an awl Snp 625 Snp 631 Dhp 401
      • kus˚ tip of a blade of grass Dhp 70 Sdhp 349
      • tiṇ˚ identical Pv-a 241
      • dum˚ top of a tree Ja ii.155
      • dhaj˚ of a banner SN i.219
      • pabbat˚ of a mountain Sdhp 352
      • sākh˚ of a branch Pv-a 157 etc
    2. figuratively: the best part, the ideal, excellence, prominence, first place. Often to be translated as adjective the highest, best of all etc. SN ii.29 aggena aggassa patti hoti “only the best attain to the highest” Mhvs 7, 26 Usually as —˚
      • dum˚ the best of trees, an excellent tree Vv 3541 Cp. Vv-a 161
      • dhan˚ plenty DN iii.164
      • madhur˚ SN i.41 SN i.161 SN i.237
      • bhav˚ the best existence SN iii.83
      • rūp˚ extraordinary beauty Ja i.291
      • lābh˚ highest gain Ja iii.127
      • sambodhi-y-agga highest wisdom Snp 693 = sabbaññuta-ñāṇan Snp-a 489 the best part or quality of anything, in enumeration of the five “excellencies” of first-fruits panca aggāni viz. khettaggan rās˚ koṭṭh˚ kumbhi bhojan˚ Snp-a 270 (after which the name Pañcaggadāyaka)
      • sukh˚ perfect bliss Sdhp 243
      • Thus frequently in phrase aggaṁ akkhāyati to deserve or receive the highest praise, to be the most excellent DN i.124 SN iii.156 SN iii.264 AN ii.17 Tathāgato Iti 87 identical Nd2 517 appamādo Mil 183
  3. Cases as adverb
    • aggena instrumental in the beginning, beginning from, from (as preposition) by (identical)
      • aggena gaṇhāti to take from, to subtract, to find the difference Vin ii.167
      • yadaggena at the moment when or from, following by tad eva “then” Vin ii.257 Cp. agge
      • bhikkh˚ from alms Vin ii.294
      • vass˚ by the number of years Vb 423
    • aggato ablative in the beginning
    • Snp 217 + majjhato, sesato
      • aggato kata taken by its worth, valued, esteemed Thag 2, 386 Thag 2, 394
    • agge locative
      1. at the top AN ii.201 Opposite mūle, at the root Ja iv.156 identical
        • phusit˚ with flowers at the top Snp 233 supupphitaggasākhā Kp-a 192
        • ukkh˚ Ja ii.153
        • kūp˚Ja iii.126
      2. preposition from, after, since, usually in phrases.
        • yad˚ (following by tad˚) from what time, since what date DN i.152 DN ii.206
        • ajja-t-agge from this day, after today DN i.85 MN i.528 AN v.300 Snp p. 25 cp. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit adyāgrena Avs ii.13
        • at the end: bhattagge, after a meal Vin ii.212
  • ˚aṅgulī the main finger, i.e. index finger Ja vi.404
  • ˚āsana main seat DN-a i.267
  • ˚upaṭṭhāka chief personal attendant DN ii.6
  • ˚kārikā first taste, sample Vin iii.80
  • ˚kulika of an esteemed clan Pv iii.55 = seṭṭh˚ Pv-a 199
  • ˚ñña recognized as primitive primeval DN iii.225 porāṇa + AN ii.27f. AN iv.246 Kvu 341
  • ˚danta one who is most excellently self-restrained (of the Buddha) Thag i.354
  • ˚dāna a splendid gift Vin iii.39
  • ˚dvāra main door Ja i.114
  • ˚nakha tip of the nail Vin iv.221
  • ˚nagara the first or most splendid of cities Vin i.229
  • ˚nikkhitta highly praised or famed Mil 343
  • ˚ nikkhittaka an original depository of the Faith Dīpavaṁsa iv.5
  • ˚pakatimant of the highest character Ja v.351 = aggasabhāva
  • ˚patta having attained perfection DN iii.48f.
  • ˚pasāda the highest grace AN ii.34 Iti 87
  • ˚piṇḍa the best oblation or alms MN i.28 MN ii.204
  • ˚piṇḍika receiving the best oblations Ja vi.140
  • ˚puggala the best of men (of the Buddha) Snp 684 Dhp-a ii.39 Sdhp 92 Sdhp 558
  • ˚purohita chief or prime minister Ja vi.391
  • ˚phala the highest or supreme fruit, i.e. Arahantship Ja i.148 Pv iv.188 Pv-a 230
  • ˚bīja having eggs from above. Opposite mūla˚, i.e. propagated by slips or cuttings DN i.5 DN-a i.81
  • ˚magga adjective having reached the top of the path, i.e. Arahantship Thag-a 20
  • ˚mahesi the king’s chief wife, queen-consort Ja i.262 Ja iii.187 Ja iii.393 Ja v.88 Dhp-a i.199 Pv-a 76
  • ˚rājā the chief king Ja vi.391 Mil 27
  • ˚vara most meritorious, best Dīpavaṁsa vi.68
  • ˚vāda the original doctrine = theravāda Dīpavaṁsa iv.13
  • ˚vādin one who proclaims the highest good (of the Buddha) Thag 1, 1142
Vedic agra; cp. Avestan agrō first, Lithuanian agrs early
Agga2
neuter (only—˚)
  1. a (small) house, housing, accomodation; shelter, hut; hall
    • dān˚ a house of donation, i.e. a public or private house where alms are given Ja iii.470 Ja iv.379 Ja iv.403 Ja vi.487 Pv-a 121 Mil 2
    • salāk˚ a hut where food is distributed to the bhikkhus by tickets, a food office Ja i.123 Vv-a 75
a contracted form of agāra
Aggatā
feminine
  1. pre-eminence, prominence, superiority
    • Kvu 556 ˚ṁ gata
    • Dīpavaṁsa iv.1 guṇaggataṁ gatā
    • adjective mahaggata of great value or superiority DN i.80 DN iii.224
abstract of agga
Aggatta
neuter
  1. the state or condition of being the first, pre-eminence Pv-a 9 Pv-a 89
abstract of agga = Sanskrit agratvan
Aggavant
adjective
  1. occupying the first place, of great eminence AN i.70 AN i.243
Aggalu
  1. ‣See agalu
Aggaḷa
Aggaḷā
feminine also occasionally with l
  1. a contrivance to fasten anything for security or obstruction
  2. a bolt or cross-bar Vin i.290
    • DN i.89 ˚ṁ ākoteṭi to knock upon the cross-bar; a. = kavāṭa DN-a i.252
    • AN iv.359 identical
    • SN iv.290
    • AN i.101 = AN i.137 = AN iv.231 phusit˚ with fastened bolts, securely shut
    • Thag 1, 385 identical
    • Vin iv.47
    • Ja v.293 ˚ṁ uppīḷeti to lift up the cross-bar
  3. a strip of cloth for strengthening a dress etc., a gusset
    • Vin i.290 + tunna
    • Vin i.392 Buddhaghosa on MV viii.21, 1
    • Ja i.8 + tunna
    • Ja vi.71 ˚ṁ datvā
    • Vin iv.121
    • ˚dāna putting in a gusset Ja i.8
    • ˚phalaka the post or board, in which the cross-bar is fixed (cp. ˚vaṭṭi) MN iii.95
    • ˚vaṭṭi = ˚phalaka Vin ii.120 Vin ii.148
    • ˚sūci bolting pin MN i.126
cp. Sanskrit argala & argalā to *areg to protect, ward off, secure etc. as in Anglo-Saxon reced house, *aleg in Sanskrit rakṣati to protect, Anglo-Saxon ealh temple. Cp. also *areq in Latin arceo, Orcus, Old High German rigil bolt
Aggi
  1. fire
  2. fire, flames, sparks; conflagration
    • Vin ii.120 fire in bathroom
    • MN i.487 anāhāro nibbuto fire gone out for lack of fuel SN iv.185
    • SN iv.399 sa-upādāno jalati provided with fuel blazes
    • Snp 62
    • Dhp 70 = asaniaggi Dhp-a iii.71
    • Ja i.216 sparks
    • Ja i.294 pyre
    • Ja ii.102 Ja iii.55; Ja iv.139
    • Vv-a 20 aggimhi tāpanaṁ + udake temanaṁ
    • The various phases of lighting and extinguishing the fire are given at AN iv.45
      • aggiṁ ujjāleti kindle, make burn
      • ajjhupekkhati look after, keep up
      • nibbāpeti extinguish, put out
      • nikkhipati put down, lay
    • Other phrases are e.g.
      • aggiṁ jāleti (kindle) Ja ii.44
      • gaṇhāti (make or take)
      • Ja i.494 ‣Cp. below 2
      • deti (set light to Ja i.294
      • nibbāpeti (put out) Iti 93 Sdhp 552.
      • aggi nibbāyati the fire goes out SN ii.85 MN i.487 Ja i.212 (udake through water) Mil 304
      • aggi nibbuto the fire is extinguished (cp. ˚nibbāna) Ja i.61 Mil 304
      • agginā dahati to burn by means of fire, to set fire to AN i.136 AN i.199 Pv-a 20
      • udar˚ the fire supposed to regulate digestion Pv-a 33 cp. Dialogues of the Buddha ii.208, note 2
      • kapp˚uṭṭhān˚ the universal conflagration Ja iii.185
      • dāv˚ a wood or jungle fire Ja i.212
      • naḷ˚ the burning of a reed Ja vi.100
      • padīp˚ fire of a lamp Mil 47
  3. the sacrificial fire. In one or two of the passages in the older texts this use of Aggi is ambiguous. It may possibly be intended to denote the personal Agni, the fire-god. But the commentators do not think so, and the Jātaka Commentary, when it means Agni, has the phrase Aggi Bhagavā the Lord Agni e.g. at Ja i.285 Ja i.494 Ja ii.44 The ancient ceremony of kindling a holy fire on the day the child is born and keeping it up throughout his life, is also referred to by that Commentary e.g. Ja i.285 Ja ii.43
    • Aggiṁ paricarati (cp. ˚paricāriyā) to serve the sacred fire Vin i.31 jaṭilā aggī paricaritukāmā AN v.263 AN v.266 Thag 2, 143 (= aggihuttaṁ paric˚ Thag-a 136) Dhp 107 Ja i.494 Dhp-a ii.232
    • aggiṁ juhati (cp. ˚homa, ˚hutta) to sacrifice (in)to the fire AN ii.207
    • often combined with aggihuttaṁ paricarati e.g. SN i.166 Snp p. 79
    • aggiṁ namati & santappeti to worship the fire. AN v.235
    • aggissa genitive paricāriko Ja vi.207 (cp. below ˚paricārika);
    • aggissa ādhānaṁ AN iv.41
  4. (ethical, always—˚) the fire of burning, consuming, feverish sensations. Frequently in standard set of 3 fires, viz. rāg˚, dos˚ moh˚, or the fires of lust, anger and bewilderment. The number three may possibly have been chosen with reference to the three sacrificial fires of Vedic ritual. At SN iv.19 AN iv.41f. there are 7 fires, the 4 last of which are āhuneyy˚, gahapat˚, dakkhiṇeyy˚, kaṭṭh˚. But this trinity of cardinal sins lies at the basis of Buddhist ethics & the fire simile was more probably suggested by the number. DN iii.217 Iti 92 Vb 368 In late books are found others:
    • ind˚ the fire of the senses Pv-a 56
    • dukkh˚ the glow of suffering Pv-a 60
    • bhavadukkh˚ of the misery of becomings Sdhp 552
    • vippaṭisār˚ burning remorse Pv-a 60
    • sok˚ burning grief Pv-a 41
  • ˚agāra agyâgāra a heated room or hut with a fire Vin i.24 Vin iv.109 DN i.101 DN i.102 (as Burmese variant for agāra) MN i.501 AN v.234 AN v.250
  • ˚khandha a great mass of fire, a huge fire, fire-brand SN ii.85 AN iv.128 Thag 2, 351 ˚samākāmā Ja iv.139 Ja vi.330 Ps i.125; Dīpavaṁsa vi.37, Mil 304
  • ˚gata having become (like) fire Mil 302
  • ˚ja fire-born Ja v.404 Commentary (text aggijāta)
  • ˚ṭṭha fire-place Ja v.155
  • ˚ṭṭhāna fire-place Vin ii.120 jantāghare, in bathroom
  • ˚daḍḍha consumed by fire Dhp 136 Pv i.74
  • ˚dāha (mahā˚) a holocaust AN i.178
  • ˚nikāsin like fire Ja iii.320 suriya
  • ˚nibbāna the extinction of fire Ja i.212
  • ˚pajjota fire-light AN ii.140 one of the 4 lights, viz canda˚, suriya˚, a˚, paññā˚
  • ˚paricaraṇa (-ṭṭhāna) the place where the (sacrificial) fire is attended to Dhp-a i.199
  • ˚paricariyā fire-worship Dhp-a ii.232 Snp-a 291 (pāri˚) Snp-a 456
  • ˚paricārika one who worship the fire AN v.263 brāhmaṇa
  • ˚sālā a heated hall or refectory Vin i.25 Vin i.49 = Vin ii.210 Vin i.139 Vin ii.154
  • ˚sikhā the crest of the fire, the flame, in simile ˚ûpama, like a flaming fire Snp 703 Dhp 308 = Iti 43 Iti 90 ayoguḷa
  • ˚hutta neuter the sacrificial fire ‣See above 2, Vin i.33 Vin i.36 = Ja i.83 Vin i.246 = Snp 568 ˚mukha-yañña SN i.166 Dhp 392 Snp 249 Snp p. 79 Ja iv.211 Ja vi.525 Thag-a 136 (= aggi) Dhp-a iv.151 ˚ṁ brāhmaṇo namati.
  • ˚huttaka neuter fire-offering Ja vi.522 = aggi-jūhana Commentary
  • ˚hotta = ˚hutta Snp-a 456 (Burmese variant ˚hutta).
  • ˚homa fire-oblation (or perhaps sacrificing to Agni DN i.9 = aggi-jūhana DN-a i.93
Vedic agni = Latin ignis. Besides the contracted form aggi we find the diaeretic forms gini ‣ and aggini ‣See below
Aggika
adjective
  1. one who worships the fire
    • Vin i.71 jaṭilaka
    • DN ii.339f. jaṭila
    • SN i.166 brāhmaṇa
aggi + ka
Aggha
  1. price, value, worth Mil 244 Mhvs 26, 22; Mhvs 30, 76 Vv-a 77
    • mahaggha adjective of great value Ja iv.138 Ja v.414 Ja vi.209 Pv ii.118 ‣See also mahāraha.
    • appaggha adjective of little value Ja iv.139; Ja v.414
    • -anaggha neuter pricelessness, Ja v.484 cattari anagghāni the four priceless things, viz. setacchatta, nisīdanapallanka ādhāraka, pādapīṭhikā Dhp-a iii.120 Dhp-a ii.186.
    • adjective priceless, invaluable Ja v.414 Mhvs 26, 25 Dhp-a iv.216
    • agghena instrumental for the price of Vin ii.52 cp. Buddhaghosa on p. 311, 312
  2. an oblation made to a guest DN ii.240 Ja iv.396 = Ja iv.476
  • ˚kāraka a valuator Ja i.124
  • ˚pada valuableness Ja v.473 ˚lakkhaṇaṁ nāma mantaṁ
‣See agghati
Agghaka
adjective = aggha
  1. worth, having the value of (—˚) Mhvs 30, 77
  • an˚ priceless Mhvs 30, 72
Agghati
intransitive
  1. to be worth, to have the value of accusative to deserve
    • Ja i.112 satasahassaṁ, aḍḍhamāsakaṁ
    • Ja vi.174 Ja vi.367 padarajaṁ
    • Dhp-a iii.35 maṇin nâgghāma
    • Mhvs 32, 28
    • Frequently in stock phrase kalaṁ nāgghati (nāgghanti) soḷasiṁ not to be worth the 16th part of (cp. kalā) Vin ii.156 SN i.233 Dhp 70 Vv 207 (nânubhoti Vv-a 104) Vv 437 Ja v.284
    • causative agghāpeti to value, to appraise, to have a price put on accusative Ja i.124 Ja iv.137 Ja iv.278 Mil 192 Mhvs 27, 23
    • Cp. agghāpanaka & agghāpaniya
Sanskrit arghati, argh = arh ‣See arhati
Agghanaka
adjective (—˚)
  1. having the value of, equal to, worth Vin iv.226
    • Ja i.61 satasahass˚
    • DN-a i.80 kahāpaṇ˚
    • Dhp-a iii.120 cuddasakoṭi˚
    • Mhvs 26, 22; Mhvs 34, 87
    • feminine ˚ikā Ja i.178 satasahass˚
from *agghana, abstract to agghati
Agghaniya
adjective
  1. priceless, invaluable, beyond the reach of money Mil 192
in function & form gerundive of agghati
Agghāpanaka
  1. a valuator, appraiser Ja i.124 Ja i.125 Ja v.276 ˚ika
from agghāpana to agghāpeti, causative of agghati
Agghāpaniya
adjective
  1. that which is to be valued, in ˚kamma the business of a valuator Ja iv.137
gerundive of agghāpeti ‣See agghati
Agghika
neuter (—˚)
  1. an oblation, decoration or salutation in the form of garlands, flowers etc., therefore meaning “string, garland”. Cp. Sinhalese ägä “festoon work”
  • Mhvs 19, 38 pupph˚
  • Mhvs 34, 73 ratan˚
  • Mhvs 34, 76 dhaj˚
  • Dāvs i.39 pupphamay˚
  • Dāvs v.51 kusum˚
= agghiya
Agghiya
adjective-noun
  1. adjective valuable, precious, worth
    • Ja vi.265 maṇi
    • Dhp-a ii.41 ratan of jewel’s worth
    • Mhvs 30, 92
  2. neuter a respectful oblation Ja v.324 = Ja vi.516; Dīpavaṁsa vi.65 Dīpavaṁsa vii.4
gerundive form from agghati
Agha1
neuter
  1. evil, grief, pain, suffering, misfortune SN i.22 MN i.500
  • roga gaṇḍa salla agha AN ii.128 (identical) Ja v.100 Thag 2, 491 Sdhp 51
  • adjective painful, bringing pain Ja vi.507 agha-m-miga = aghakara miga Commentary
  • ˚bhūta a source of pain SN iii.189 + agha & salla
cp. Sanskrit agha, of uncertain etymology
Agha2
masculine neuter
  1. the sky, originally the dark sky, dark space, the abyss of space
    • DN ii.12 SN v.45
    • Vv 161 aghasi gama locative vehāsaṁ gama Vv-a 78
    • Ja iv.154
    • Dhs 638 + aghagata
    • Vb 84 identical
  • ˚gata going through or being in the sky or atmosphere Dhs 638 Dhs 722 Vb 84
  • ˚gāmin moving through the atmosphere or space i.e. a planet SN i.67 = Mil 242 ādicco seṭṭho aghagāminaṁ
The etymology suggested by Morris Journal of the Pali Text Society 1889, 200 (with reference to MN i.500 which belongs under agha1) is untenable (to Sanskrit kha, as a-kha = agha, cp. Jain Prakrit khaha). Neither does the popular etymology of Buddhaghosa offer any clue (= a + gha from ghan that which does not strike or aghaṭṭaniya is not strikeable Dhs-a 326 cp. Dhs. translation 194 & Ja iv.154 aghe ṭhitā = appaṭighe ākāse ṭhitā the air which does not offer any resistance) On the other hand the primary meaning is darkness, as seen from the phrase lokantarikā aghā asaṁvutā andhakārā DN ii.12 SN v.454 and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit aghasaṁvṛta Mvu i.240 adjective dark Mvu i.41 Mvu ii.162 Lal 552
Aghata
  1. at Thag 1, 321 may be read as agha-gata or (preferably) with variant reading as aggha-gataṁ, or (with Neumann) as agghaṁ agghatānaṁ ‣See also Mrs. Rhys Davids, Psalms of the Brethren, p. 191
Aghammiga
  1. a sort of wild animal
    • Ja vi.247 = aghāvaha miga
    • Ja vi.507 = aghakara
    • Cp. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit agharika Divy 475
to agha1?
Aghavin
adjective
  1. suffering pain, being in misery Snp 694 (= dukkhita Snp-a 489)
to agha1
Aṅka1
  1. = anga sign, mark, brand Mil 79
    • ˚karana branding Ja iv.366 Ja iv.375
    • ‣See also anketi
Aṅka2
  1. a hook Ja v.322 Ja vi.218 Burmese variant anga
  2. the lap (i.e. the bent position) or the hollow above the hips where infants are carried by Hindu mothers or nurses
    • aṅkena vahati Vin ii.114
    • aṅke pariharati to hold on one’s lap or carry on one’s hips DN ii.19
    • DN ii.20 nisīdāpeti seat on one’s lap
    • MN ii.97 aṅkena vahitvā
    • Thag 1, 299 Ja i.262 aṅke nisinna
    • Ja ii.127 Ja ii.236 Ja vi.513 Dhp-a i.170 aṅkena vahitvā
    • Pv-a 17 nisīdāpeti
Vedic anka hook, bent etc., anc, cp. ankura & ankusa. Latin uncus nail, Old High German angul = English angle
Aṅkita
  1. marked, branded
    • Ja i.231 cakkankitā Satthu padā
    • Ja ii.185 ˚kaṇṇaka with perforated ears
past participle of anketi
Aṅkura
  1. a shoot, a sprout (literally or figuratively) Ja ii.105 Ja vi.331 (Buddh ˚a nascent Buddha), Ja vi.486 Dhs 617 ˚vaṇṇa Mil 50 Mil 251 Mil 269 Sdhp 273 Mhvs 15, 43
cp. Sanskrit ankura, to anka a bend = a tendril etc.